发展中的赣州钨工业

Tungsten Industry

in Ganzhouand its Progress

赣州是中国钨业发祥地，素有“世界钨都”之称，它位于中国江西省南部，赣江源头，国土面积3.94万平方公里，人口861万，辖18个县、市和1个省级经济技术开发区，是江西省最大的行政区。它东邻福建、南接广东，西接湖南，地处中亚热带南缘，境内河流密布，山清水秀，森林覆盖率高达74.4%，有“绿色基因库”之称。赣州是中国历史文化名城，具有2200多年的建城史，被誉为“宋城历史博物馆”，瑞金是共和国摇篮、红色古都，大余梅关古驿道被誉为“水上丝绸之路”，安远三百山是香港同胞饮用水的源头；赣州是客家摇篮，客家人占90%以上，古朴的客家民居和浓郁的客家风情特色盎然；赣州区位优越，交通便捷，境内有京九铁路、赣龙铁路、赣粤高速、昌厦公路和四条国道，开通了至北京、上海、广州、南京等地的航班。赣州到广州、深圳、珠海、东莞、厦门等地的车程均只需3-4小时，到香港的车程也只需4-5小时。

Ganzhou is the cradle of Chinese tungsten industry and is called “Tungsten Capital of the world”. It is located in southern part of Jiangxi Province, where is the headstream of Gan River. Ganzhou, the biggest district in Jiangxi Province, has area of 39,400 m2, population of 8,610,000, 18 counties and 1 provincial economic & technology development zone. It is adjacent to Fujian, Canton and Hunan Province and is also called “Green Land” for its picturesque scenery and big forest coverage (74.4%). Ganzhou is an old city with history of more than 2200 years and hailed as “A History Museum of Song Dynasty”. The headstream of drinking water in Hongkong is from Ganzhou. Ganzhou is also the cradle of Hakka for more than 90% of the people in Ganzhou are Hakka. Ganzhou has convenient transportation with railway, highway and skyway. It takes about 3-5 hours from Ganzhou to Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Dongguan and Xiamen, and Hongkong.

赣州是中国最重要的有色金属基地之一，黑钨矿和离子型中、重稀土矿储量居中国之冠。近年来，赣州市经济社会全面快速发展，综合实力日益增强。已经形成了钨、稀土、氟盐化工和脐橙等四大产业集群和有色金属矿及加工、非金属矿及加工、食品加工、机械制造、轻纺加工、电子电器等六大主导产业以及蔬菜果品、苗木花卉、草食畜禽等特色农业产业。赣州电力供应充足，为110千伏和220千伏双电源环网供电方式，550千伏电网已开工建设。数字赣州工程已全面实施，建成了以光缆传输为主、数字微波和卫星为辅的通讯网络，移动、联通、电信、铁通和广电等运营单位能够提供各种形式的英特网接入服务，为电子商务和公众信息提供支撑平台。全市呈现出一派勃勃生机。

As one of the most important area of non-ferrous metals industry, it has the largest reserves of wolframite, medium and heavy ionic-rare earth metal in China. In recent years, Ganzhou has obtained rapid and integrated development in economy and society. An industry system, which is supported by tungsten, rare earth metal and fluoride industry, and dominated by non-ferrous metallurgy, electric and mechanical production, light industry and textile processing etc., has been formed. The agriculture is characterized by vegetables and fruits, seedlings and flowers and grazing animals. The power is supplied by the grid with 110KV and 220KV, and the grid with 550KV is under construction. A digital communication network consisting of optic fiber transfer together with microwave and satellite transfer is being constructed in Ganzhou, which makes much convenient for electronic business and public information. A scene of prosperity spreads out in Ganzhou.

一、独特地质结构蕴藏丰富资源

Abundant in tungsten resources because of its special geological structure

1907年德国牧师邬利亨先生在距赣州90余公里的大余县西华山首次发现了钨，由此赣州成为中国最早发现钨的地方。地质勘探表明，赣州地处我国重要金属成矿区带--南岭成矿带的东段，有南岭山脉和罗霄山脉两大山脉在此交汇，具有非常独特的地质结构。正是由于这种独特的地质结构，使赣州成为了世界著名的钨矿聚集区，钨矿资源保有储量占中国的30%。

In 1907, Wilhelm, a German priest, first discovered Tungsten in Mount Xihua of Dayu County, which is 90 km away from Ganzhou. Mount Nanling and Mount Luoxiao join up in Ganzhou. The eastern part of Nanling metallogenic belt is in Ganzhou, which is one of the most important tungsten metallogenic belts in China. This very special and complex geological structure makes Ganzhou a famous area of tungsten resources in the world and it takes more than 30% of total reserves of China.

赣州的钨矿藏具有储量集中、矿床类型多、矿石质量好、伴生组份多等特点。据统计，赣南地层中钨的富集为百万分之9.53 ，部分地层高达百万分之12以上，为世界地层中钨平均值百万分之1.3 的7.33倍以上；矿床类型有石英脉型、矽卡岩型、岩体型、云英岩型、砂矿型等，其中石英脉型钨矿床之多、规模之大，为我国乃至世界之最。矿石类型最主要的是质量优良的黑钨矿，该类矿石品位较富，可选性好，大多为易选矿石，选矿回收率一般大于85%。钨矿床中已查明的主要伴生元素和矿物有锡、钼、铋、铜、铅、锌、银、铍、铌、钽、稀土、锂、水晶、萤石等，这些矿物一般均可以回收利用。

Tungsten reserves in Ganzhou are characterized by concentrated reserves, various kinds of ore deposits, high quality of ore, many associated minerals. From stratigraphical analysis the average tungsten content in stratum of Ganzhou is 9.53 ppm, somewhere more than 12 ppm. This is more than 7 times over the world average value of 1.3 ppm. Ore deposit forms include quartz-cassiterite vein, stratiform vein, meta-sand rock etc. Among them quartz cassiterite vein with its deposit scale and also its reserve volume, is the largest one in China or even in the world. As main kind of tungsten ore, wolframite of high quality is with high grade and easy to dress. The recovery of dressing is generally more than 85%. The associated minerals of tungsten ore deposits, Sn, Mo, Bi, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Nb, Ta, Li, rare earth metal, quartz, fluorite and so on , could be all recovered and made use of.

根据我市钨矿成矿机理和特定的围岩条件，地质工作者创立了脉钨矿床“五层楼”“七层楼”模式，即由地表向深部依次为：微细线脉组成的标志带、细脉带、细脉-薄脉混合带、薄脉带、大脉带。该模式在地质勘查、矿山开发方面发挥了重要的指导作用，使黑钨矿的找矿远景再次打开。

Based on the regularity of tungsten ore formation and special geologic structure in Ganzhou, the geologists have found so called “5-layer structure” and “7-layer structure” model for the vein type tungsten deposits, especially for wolframite. This means that from surface to depth of earth stratum the vein gets larger and the vein type changes in order of “mark belt made of super fine linear veins—fine veins belt—fine and thin veins mixed belt—thin veins belt—large veins belt”. These models have played an important role in research and development of geology, exploration and mining.

进入二十一世纪后，中国政府确定赣州为国家战略钨矿找矿地区，中国地质科学院也在赣州成立了地质研究基地和博士后工作站，研究特殊地质结构条件下钨的成矿规律，提出了令人振奋的找矿前景。预计今后5年内我市新增资源储量将是目前保有储量的2倍，毫无疑问，赣州的钨资源具有巨大的潜力和美好的前景。

From the beginning of 21st century, Ganzhou was determined as national strategic area of exploring tungsten deposits. China National Geology Academy has set up its research base and post-doctoral research station in Ganzhou to research the regularity of tungsten ore formation under this special geologic structure. Their primary researches indicate that there is a great potential for tungsten reserves of Ganzhou. It is predicated that in next 5 years the tungsten reserves newly found will be two times of the reserves today. Tungsten resources in Ganzhou are sure to have a huge potential and a bright future.

二、百年钨业历史造就世界钨都

Famous as “Tungsten Capital of the World” with its 100-year tungsten history

1907年在大余西华山发现钨之后，赣州开始了钨矿的手工开采，此后相继发现一批矿区（点），开采规模不断扩大，至第一次世界大战末期已成为开采钨矿最多、出口量最大的地区，至今仍居世界第一位。

China has found its own tungsten first time in 1907 in Mount Xihua of Ganzhou. From 1914, Ganzhou then began its tungsten mining and expanded it. It had become the largest tungsten mining area and also the largest tungsten supplier in the world in 1940s.

1949年新中国成立后，国家对钨工业极为重视。在上世纪50--60年代先后建设了大吉山、西华山、岿美山、盘古山、铁山垅、下垄、漂塘、荡坪、画眉坳等一批机械化矿山。经过近几十年的建设和发展，赣州已经建成了包括地质勘查、矿山开采、冶炼加工、产品检测、研发设计以及教育培训等较为完整的钨产业体系。目前赣州已经累计为全球提供了钨精矿近120万吨，为世界钨工业的发展作出了不可磨灭的重要贡献。赣州也被称之为“世界钨都”。

Chinese government has been paying more attentions to the construction of tungsten industry after the People’s Republic of China was founded. During the period of 1950s to 1960s, some mechanized tungsten mines including Dajishan Mine, Xihuashan, Kuimeishan, Pan’gushan, Tieshanlong, Xialong, Dangping and so on are established. After tens of years’ construction and developing, an integrated tungsten industry system in Ganzhou has been formed, including geological prospecting and exploration, mining, dressing, smelting and value added products processing, testing and analysis, researching and developing, education and training, etc.Ganzhou has supplied total more than 120 million tons of tungsten concentrate to the world tungsten industry. It has made its contribution to the development of world tungsten industry. Ganzhou is then called “Tungsten Capital of the world” because of its rich resources and contributions.

——进入新世纪后，在中国政府法律法规和产业政策的指导和调控下，赣州钨产业走出了一条整合与规范相统一、资源与加工相结合的路子，取得了很好的成效。在资源开发上，赣州市政府全面推行计划开采和总量控制，彻底清理乱采滥挖和非法开采，大力推进环境治理和安全保障，做到了发展最快的近6年多来钨矿产量不增反降，在行业管理上，全市钨企业联合成立了赣州市钨业协会，制定和实施全市钨行业自律条约和联合报价制度，形成了一个团结协作的行业联合体，共同维护市场秩序。在发展方向上，以龙头企业为依托，围绕几条大的产业链条延伸配套，发展壮大产业集群，建设钨产业加工基地，重点发展高品质硬质合金和特种钨材等深加工产品。

After entering in the new century, under the guide of central government’s industrial policies, Ganzhou government has gotten significant achievements in tungsten industry by uniting regulating with reconstructing, and also combining down stream products processing with resources. In the respect of resource exploring, under the state laws and rules, Ganzhou government has distributed its policies and rules for sustainable development of tungsten industry. It has invested in environmental treatment and security guarantee. It has also made effective plans and measurements to prohibit strictly illegal exploring and mining. To keep in order in tungsten industry, tungsten enterprises around Ganzhou have established their own organization, Ganzhou Tungsten Industry Association (abbreviated as GTIA). It has constituted and carried out some rules to regulate tungsten industry development. For the development of tungsten industry in the near future, Ganzhou government formulates a series of preferential policies about land, tax, and mineral resources, to encourage enterprises to establish tungsten processing bases and to develop value added tungsten products like cemented carbide and special products of high quality.

赣州钨产业经过近几年的快速发展，一批有一定规模和实力的钨加工企业茁壮成长，实现了从钨矿生产大市向钨冶炼产品生产大市的提升，仲钨酸铵生产技术居世界先进水平，超细钨粉、纳米钨粉、超细纳米碳化钨粉的生产技术达到国内先进水平，并开发和生产了合金混合料、硬质合金及工具、高比重合金和钨丝、钨材。2006年销售收入突破100亿元，达到110.3亿元，占全国的35%，比2000年的7.1亿元增长14.5倍，年均增长158%。赣州已经发展成为中国钨矿及钨冶炼产品的主产区、集散地，钨产品在全国占有较大份额。产品除了销售本国市场外，还远销到欧美、日韩等发达国家和地区，年出口额近2亿美元。

In recent years, some companies of tungsten industry in Ganzhou are developing rapidly. They transfer from producing tungsten mines to producing tungsten metallurgical products. Technology of producing APT is advanced in the world and that of producing super fine WC powder and nano size WC powder is advanced in China. The sales volume in 2006 is more than 11.03 billion Yuan (RMB), which is 35% of national portion and 14.5 times more than that in 2000. The average growth rate is 158% per year. Ganzhou becomes a distributing centre of tungsten and powder products in China by improving from a tungsten ore center. The products are sold to European, American market besides Asian market. The yearly export value is about USD 0.2 billion.

表1. 赣州主要钨产品加工企业

Table 1. Main tungsten enterprises in Ganzhou

我市高度重视资源节约、环境友好、和谐发展，正在加大投入，大力解决百年钨矿开采给赣州留下的环境污染、植被破坏、人员负担沉重等一系列社会问题，开展一系列综合治理工作，确保生态环境、安全生产和资源综合利用水平有较大的提高。（植树造林、污水处理镜头，古榕树、优美森林镜头）

We will pay very attention to economizing resources, protecting environment and developing harmoniously. We are taking measures in solving the problems due to exploring, protecting environment and improving the level of utilizing resources. （植树造林、污水处理镜头，古榕树、优美森林镜头）

三、融入世界钨业实现可持续发展（打字幕）

Sustainable developing together with the world tungsten industry

翻开赣州钨业的百年历史，记载着无数国内外钨业界专家和国际友人做出的巨大贡献，赣州人民铭记在心！（用手翻开《西华山矿志》的镜头，各种照片镜头）近年来，国内外一些著名的企业、专家陆续投资和加盟我市钨产业，带来了许多新理念、新经验，开发了许多新技术、新产品，有力地推动了赣州钨工业的发展。

During 100 years of Ganzhou tungsten industry we have gotten kindly helps from experts and friends from all over the world. （用手翻开《西华山矿志》的镜头，各种照片镜头）In recent years more and more international tungsten companies invest in Ganzhou and experts come to Ganzhou. They bring us new technologies, experiences and managements. And a great progress has been made in Ganzhou tungsten industry, especially in processing of value added tungsten products. We will never forget them and thank them from our hearts.

赣州钨工业是世界钨工业不可分割的一部分，赣州钨工业的发展需要依托全球钨工业体系，全球钨工业的发展也需要赣州的积极参与。我市钨工业已经有了一个比较好的基础，一批采选冶加一体化的企业搭建了良好的合作平台，发展前景十分广阔。我们将本着优势互补、合作共赢的原则，与国内外的钨企业和钨业经济组织加强联系，广泛交流，走联合发展的道路。

Tungsten industry in Ganzhou is inseparable from that of the whole world. Its development should be supported by the world tungsten industry, and the development of the world tungsten industry could not be without participation of Ganzhou. Tungsten industry in Ganzhou has a bright future for its solid base now and many chances for cooperation. We’ll learn more from and do more cooperation with both national and international tungsten enterprises and groups to develop our tungsten industry with the world tungsten industry. We sincerely hope friends and experts on tungsten continue to support the developing of Ganzhou, and contribute to the developing of tungsten industry of the whole world together.

回眸逝去的岁月，我们有许多感慨，也有一些遗憾；展望未来的愿景，我们有许多豪情，更有许多责任。赣州将以科学发展观为指导，进一步加大资源整合与企业重组的力度，探索产业新的发展模式， 加强与国内外先进技术、人才和管理的有效对接，优化产业结构和提升发展水平，培植行业龙头，建设产业集群，打造中国重要得钨工业基地。到“十一五”期末，力争实现钨产业销售收入200亿元，利税25亿元的奋斗目标，实现赣州钨业快速、健康、可持续发展！

Based on the experience of development in tungsten industry over the past 100 years, Ganzhou government will make more efforts on reform and innovation by keeping scientific development. A number of tungsten enterprises will be encouraged to develop downstream processing by using advanced technologies, management concept and talents, so as to make Ganzhou an important tungsten industrial area in China. 

We are striving for the goals of sales volume reaching 20 billion Yuan and tax income 2.5 billion Yuan, and Tungsten industry rapid, healthy and sustainable development till end “11th 5-Year Plan”.